How is cystitis spread? Through sex, or wiping from back to front after a bowel movement.

What are the symptoms of cystitis? Symptoms can include:

• burning when passing urine
• needing to pass urine a lot
• a constant dull ache in the lower belly
• urine which smells or contains blood or pus.

If cystitis is left untreated, the infection can spread into the kidneys causing backache, fever or bouts of shivering.

What is the treatment for cystitis? Antibiotics.

The following self-help treatments can help, but see a doctor if the symptoms continue:

• drink lots of water (not coffee, tea or alcohol) – at least 2 litres a day
• take aspirin or paracetamol if you are in pain
• put a hot water bottle or wheat bag on your back and/or between your legs
• have a warm bath or rest in a warm bed.

How can you minimise the risk of contracting cystitis?

• avoid alcohol 
• always wipe from front to back after going to the toilet
• do not hold on to urine for too long
• use a water-based personal lubricant when having sex and pass urine soon after having sex
• wash your genital area and anus regularly with water only
• avoid heavily perfumed soaps and sprays in the genital area as they can cause irritation
• wear cotton underwear, and avoid tight jeans and nylon tights.

Have a check-up for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) if you have had:

• unsafe sex
• a new partner
• symptoms.

Visit the "Where can I go for help?" webpage to find out where you can get an STI check-up